2018/7/9 14:00:00
新鄉(xiāng)翻譯公司告訴你英語商務(wù)文化背景知識
新鄉(xiāng)翻譯公司告訴你英語商務(wù)文化背景知識
When meeting someone in a Western business setting，conversation usually remains focused on business matters and business topics. Family and/or personal matters are not brought up，especially the first time you meet. Conversations stick to the business purpose at hand and remain objective and professional.
當在西方的商務(wù)場合中會見某人時，對話通常圍繞著一些商業(yè)問題或商業(yè)話題，而不會涉及家庭和個人問題，特別是第一次見面時。對話會緊扣眼前的商業(yè)目標，從而保持它的客觀性和專業(yè)性。
In the West，most companies have well-established and identifiable lines of organization. Larger companies have a clear division of corporate and field roles. Responsibility for all activities is well-established according to function.
在西方，大多數(shù)公司都已形成自己的明確的組織體系。較大的公司對于公司總部和總部以外的業(yè)務(wù)活動也有清晰的劃分。根據(jù)不同的職能明確各項職責。
Basically all employees at medium to large-sized Western companies have an official，documented job description. Titles are usually indicative of rank and status. Titles are normally used to describe various positions，but are not used when addressing the person.
在西方的大中型公司，基本上所有的雇員都有一個正式的工作描述檔案。頭銜通常表示級別和身份。頭銜通常用于描述各種職位，但不用來稱呼人。
Basically，all Western employees are covered by an employee contract，from a hamburger flipper to the CEO of a major corporation. All employee contracts are enforceable by law，and both employees and employers can be held liable for any unauthorized violation of a contract. The terms and conditions can vary widely from one company to another，from one profession to another，and from one position to another.
在西方，基本上所有的雇員都受勞動合同的保護，從賣漢堡的到大公司的首席執(zhí)行官。所有勞動合同都受法律保護，雇員和雇主都要為違反勞動合同的行為負責。合同的條款和規(guī)定可以因公司的不同、職業(yè)的不同、職位高低的不同而有所差別。
In the West，clear delineation and classification of job responsibilities are instrumental in creating a strong company culture. Everybody is accountable，from the head of the company down to the lowest-level employee. This approach creates a sense of direction，generates staff cohesion，and enhances morale.
在西方，明確工作性質(zhì)和工作職責是營造濃厚的、良好的企業(yè)文化的基礎(chǔ)。從最高層的領(lǐng)導到最低層的員工，人人樹立責任感。這利于全體員工明確方向，增強員工凝聚力，并鼓舞士氣。
Western clients and customers are not expecting an overly friendly conversation when they make a business call. They expect some degree of professionalism. If the person answering the call is too lackadaisical，unenthusiastic or indifferent，they may hang up and take their business someplace else！
西方的客戶或顧客在打商務(wù)電話時不希望對方過度友好。他們希望職業(yè)化些。如果接電話的人很庸懶，缺乏熱情或是漠然，他們會掛掉而去找別的客戶。
In Western business culture，making an appointment is commonplace for most business dealings. Most company personnel are on a tight schedule，and it saves your time and theirs by planning ahead and scheduling appointments.
在西方的商業(yè)文化中，進行預(yù)約在商業(yè)活動中是常見的。絕大多數(shù)商務(wù)人員都有一個排得緊緊的時間表。提前計劃和預(yù)約有助于節(jié)省你和他人的時間。
Appointment
A pre-determined meeting at a specific time and place.
Schedule
A group of appointments slotted over a specific time horizon. Can be administered personally or by a secretary，personal assistant，etc.
Meeting
A group of individuals getting together to announce or discuss business matters.
Planner
A formatted tool for scheduling appointments，calling meetings，and managing time effectively.
PIM（Palm Pilot，etc.）
Personal Information Manager，Personal Digital Assistant. An electronic planner that combines multiple business functions，such as Email，Calendar，Phone book，Address book，Note pad，Time，Date，Calculator，etc.
Minutes
Written documentation of a business meeting. Usually the minute-taker only plays a supporting role in the meeting.
To-do lists
Lists of actionable items that have to be performed. Sometimes the items are time-sensitive，and sometimes they are just memory-joggers.
Action plan
Methodical，comprehensive composite of tasks to be performed.
Multi-tasking
The act of performing or of being involved in multiple projects and/or tasks that have to progress simultaneously.
Prioritizing
Ranking projects，tasks and assignments in the order of their importance for execution.
Agenda
Orderly，systematic list/schedule of business items to be discussed at a meeting.
預(yù)約
在特定地點和時間預(yù)先定好的會面。
日程表
在一張時間表上列出的一組約會情況。由本人或秘書、私人助理等來安排。
會議
一群人聚在一起，宣布或討論業(yè)務(wù)問題。
電子記事薄/電子秘書
一個安排預(yù)約，召集會議和有效管理時間的格式化工具。
個人信息管理/商務(wù)通
個人信息管理器，是一個綜合了多種商業(yè)用途如電子郵件、日歷、電話本、地址本、記事本、時間、日期、計算器等的電子日程安排工具。
會議記錄
商務(wù)會議的書面內(nèi)容記錄。會議記錄員在會議上通常只是配角。
執(zhí)行表
必須執(zhí)行的項目表。有時這些項目時間性很強，有時只是一個備忘錄。
行動計劃
對需要執(zhí)行的任務(wù)進行系統(tǒng)的、綜合的描述。
多項任務(wù)/身兼多職
同時參與多個項目或任務(wù)。
區(qū)分優(yōu)先
根據(jù)項目、任務(wù)的重要性來安排執(zhí)行的先后順序。
議程
將會議上所要討論的商業(yè)問題，有順序地，系統(tǒng)地列出表。
For many Western employees，praise and criticism are also tied to a regular review process（often an annual review），where they can be rewarded if their work quality has achieved or exceeded company standards. Most Western companies avoid negative c riticism because it can be demoralizing and counter-productive.
對于很多西方雇員來說，贊賞和批評都在定期的審查程序里（通常是每年一次的審查）。在審查中，如果他們的工作質(zhì)量達到或超過公司標準的話，他們就能得到獎勵。大部分西方國家的公司一般都避免負面消極的批評，否則就會挫傷士氣，達到適得其反的效果。
Most Western companies are fairly strict about employees wearing the proper business attire and presenting themselves in a professional way. This applies to all white-collar employees，and sometimes to blue-collar workers as well. In some cases，employees may be required to wear some kind of company uniform. Any employee who refuses to adhere to company policy can be disciplined.
許多西方公司對于自己雇員的得體著裝及言行舉止都有著嚴格的限定。這些規(guī)定不僅適用于白領(lǐng)階層，而且有時也適用于藍領(lǐng)階層。在有些情況下，公司要求雇員們只能穿公司的制服。任何不遵守公司規(guī)定的人要受到處罰。
Gossiping is human nature. Lots of people do it. Mild gossip is usually harmless，but excessive gossip should be avoided，especially in a business environment. Although Western companies tolerate gossip，they do not encourage it，and they are definitely against rumors and rumor-mongering.
閑談是人類的天性。很多人都參與閑談。適當?shù)拈e談通常沒有壞處，但過分的閑談是應(yīng)該避免的，特別是在工作環(huán)境里。雖然西方國家的公司接受閑談，但他們不鼓勵，而且他們堅決反對謠言及散布謠言。
In most Western businesses，employee expenses are the single largest cost of doing business. Western salaries and benefits usually constitute at least 50% of a company's expenses. For each employee，the company pays base salary，makes contributions for pension plans，medical plans，etc.，and pays for office space，furniture，supplies，etc. In addition，they cover the cost of other benefits（paid vacations，sick days，etc.）with no productivity gained.
在絕大多數(shù)西方公司中，員工費用是企業(yè)經(jīng)營中的最大項支出。西方的工資和福利通常至少要占公司支出的50%.公司為每位員工支付基本工資、養(yǎng)老基金、醫(yī)療保險等，還要支付辦公場地、家具、辦公用品的費用等。另外還要保障其他福利（帶薪假期、病假等）
It's quite common practice for Western businesses to lay off employees during times of economic upheaval，company reorganization / restructuring，and downsizing. There is no great stigma associated with being laid off. When employees are laid off，they are usually given a package to ease the pain of being severed from the company.
在西方商界，每逢經(jīng)濟動蕩、公司重組或縮減規(guī)模時，就會裁員。所以下崗并不是件可恥的事情。員工下崗時通常會得到一筆補償金以安撫他們被迫離開公司的痛苦心情。
Project management is a key methodology that Western businesses use on a regular basis to solve problems，to launch new products and services，and to maximize the use of personnel. Project management teams are usually comprised of members who have the highly specialized skills appropriate for the project and who can perform at maximum efficiency for the company.
項目管理是一門科學理論，西方企業(yè)運用這一理論來解決問題，指導新產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)投放市場，也用來指導人員的最佳化配置。項目管理小組通常由以下人員組成：具有合乎項目需要的專業(yè)技術(shù)人員和能為公司帶來最大效率的員工。
In the West，job interviews are highly formalized and systematic. Employers pay close attention to a potential employee's qualifications，background，personality and skills to determine her/his fit with not only the job but also with the company culture. It is an expensive process and employers want to make sure that the best employee is hired for a position to keep turnover to a minimum.
在西方，工作面試是非常正式和系統(tǒng)化的。雇用方會密切注意未來職員的潛在的條件、背景、個性和能力，來決定他是否不僅適合該工作，也適合整個公司的文化基調(diào)。這其實是一個花費不小的程序，所以雇用方必須確保每個崗位雇用的是最好、最適合該工作的職員，以把人事變動率降到最低。