2018/7/12 16:15:00
開(kāi)封翻譯公司講Coffee rust咖啡銹病
開(kāi)封翻譯公司講Coffee rust咖啡銹病
Coffee rust
咖啡銹病
Roya flushed
“羅亞”蔓延
How Colombia fought the fungus
哥倫比亞如何抗擊葉銹病真菌
WHEN Jesus Maria Aguirre saw his coffee bushes wither away, he knew that he had lost the sole source of income for his family. “We would go to collect coffee and would come back with our baskets nearly empty,” says the Colombian grower, recalling the pernicious effects of the “coffee rust” fungus, or roya.
當(dāng)赫蘇斯·瑪利亞·阿吉雷看到了他的咖啡樹(shù)日漸枯萎時(shí)，他意識(shí)到，這下他的家庭失去了唯一的收入來(lái)源。“我們?nèi)ヌ锢锊煽Х榷?，結(jié)果只能籃子空空地回來(lái)?！边@位哥倫比亞的種植者在回想起這種咖啡銹病真菌，或被稱(chēng)為“羅亞”所帶來(lái)的惡性影響時(shí)這樣說(shuō)到。
The fungus stunts the growth of the fruit of arabica coffee plants. It infected about 40% of Colombia's crop between 2008 and 2012. Production plunged from a high of 12.6m 60kg bags a year in 2007 to just 7.7m bags in 2012. As supply from Colombia shrank, international buyers turned to growers elsewhere.
這種真菌阻滯了阿拉比卡豆咖啡樹(shù)果實(shí)的生長(zhǎng)。在2008年至2012年間，它已經(jīng)使哥倫比亞40%的作物受到了感染，產(chǎn)量因此由2007年的峰值1260萬(wàn)袋60公斤的咖啡豆暴跌至2012年的僅770萬(wàn)袋。隨著哥倫比亞的咖啡供應(yīng)量的萎縮，國(guó)際上的咖啡買(mǎi)家開(kāi)始向其它咖啡生產(chǎn)地尋求供應(yīng)。
What Mr Aguirre went through then is now the lot of farmers throughout Central America, the Dominican Republic, southern Mexico and Jamaica. Production there fell by 30% between 2011 and 2013 because of roya, reckons the International Coffee Organisation. USAID thinks it has caused $1 billion of economic damage in Latin America since 2012. This time Colombians are the ones taking advantage.
當(dāng)時(shí)阿吉雷先生所遭受的窘境現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)席卷了中美洲、多米尼加、南墨西哥以及牙買(mǎi)加。據(jù)國(guó)際咖啡組織估計(jì)，由于受“羅亞”影響，這些地區(qū)的咖啡產(chǎn)量在2011年至2013年間已下跌了30%。美國(guó)國(guó)際開(kāi)發(fā)署認(rèn)為，自從2012年起，這種銹病已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了拉丁美洲范圍內(nèi)高達(dá)10億美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。不過(guò)這次，哥倫比亞的種植戶卻可以置身事外甚至因此獲利。
On his farm on the slopes of the country's central mountain range, Mr Aguirre today presides over 1.5 hectares (4 acres) of healthy bushes plump with red berries. For yields to recover, he had to yank up fungus-prone bushes and plant a new variety that promised to fight off the blight. He was one of thousands of farmers who joined in a countrywide scheme run by the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation, which represents more than 500,000 independent growers. By June 2014 more than 3 billion bushes had been replanted.
現(xiàn)如今，在阿吉雷先生位于哥倫比亞中部山脈山坡上的農(nóng)場(chǎng)里，他照料著超過(guò)1.5公頃的種滿紅色果實(shí)的健康的咖啡樹(shù)。當(dāng)初為了使產(chǎn)量恢復(fù)，他不得不剔除了易感真菌的植株并且種植了一種據(jù)信可抗枯萎的新品種。阿吉雷先生是全國(guó)范圍種植計(jì)劃的數(shù)千參與者之一，這個(gè)計(jì)劃是由哥倫比亞咖啡種植者聯(lián)合會(huì)運(yùn)作的，這個(gè)聯(lián)合會(huì)代表了超過(guò)50萬(wàn)的獨(dú)立種植戶。截至2014年6月，這種新植株已重新種植了超過(guò)30億棵。
Three-quarters of them were replaced with a roya-resistant variety known as Castillo, which had been developed in the labs of Cenicafé, the coffee federation's research arm, after 13 years of selective breeding. Lindsey Bolger, head coffee buyer for Keurig Green Mountain, a roaster in the United States, said the industry was “on pins and needles” about whether the Castillo would work. It has. Colombia produced 11.5m bags in the 12 months to June 2014, up by 31% on the previous 12-month period, according to the coffee federation. Buyers are coming back.
這些咖啡樹(shù)中的四分之三被一種被稱(chēng)為“卡斯蒂羅”的 “抗羅亞”品種替代，此品種是由哥倫比亞國(guó)家咖啡研究中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室經(jīng)過(guò)13年精心選育開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)的。林塞·博爾捷，美國(guó)綠山咖啡烘焙公司的首席采購(gòu)，在談及“卡斯蒂羅”能否擔(dān)任恢復(fù)產(chǎn)量重任時(shí)，形容咖啡產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)此是“如坐針氈”。事實(shí)上，“卡斯蒂羅”做到了。據(jù)咖啡聯(lián)合會(huì)數(shù)據(jù)，截至2014年6月的12個(gè)月內(nèi)，哥倫比亞出產(chǎn)了1150萬(wàn)袋咖啡豆，比上個(gè)同期的產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)了31%。采購(gòu)商們又把目光開(kāi)始投回哥倫比亞。
Fernando Gast, Cenicafé's director, says seeds of the Castillo coffee plants have been sent to Mexico, El Salvador and Costa Rica for evaluation. But he warns that Colombia's success story is not directly transferable to Central America. The Castillo variety was created for Colombia's needs and may not adapt to Central America's soil and climate, he says.
費(fèi)爾南多·加斯特，哥倫比亞國(guó)家咖啡研究中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任，表示“卡斯蒂羅”的種子已被送往墨西哥、薩爾瓦多以及哥斯達(dá)黎加進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步評(píng)估。但是他也警告說(shuō)，哥倫比亞的產(chǎn)業(yè)復(fù)蘇經(jīng)驗(yàn)并不可被中美洲地區(qū)直接套用?！翱ㄋ沟倭_”品種是為了滿足哥倫比亞的需求而研發(fā)生產(chǎn)的，所以可能并不適合在中美洲的土壤及氣候環(huán)境條件下種植。
Cenicafé's 89 researchers cannot rest easy, either. They are working on a project to map the coffee genome. That should help them develop new varieties that will not only resist roya, which is continuously evolving, but will also be less susceptible to erratic weather. The search for a stronger brew is never over.
實(shí)驗(yàn)室的89位研究人員們也還不能高枕無(wú)憂。他們現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行一個(gè)繪制咖啡樹(shù)基因譜的項(xiàng)目，這將有助他們培育新的變種，這種變種不僅能抵抗“羅亞”及其以后可能出現(xiàn)的其它變種，還能更不易受到不穩(wěn)定天候影響的新品種植株。對(duì)于更優(yōu)良品種的研究總會(huì)一直進(jìn)行下去。