2018/7/13 14:38:00
周口翻譯公司:中式英語之鑒
英語傾向于多用名詞,因而敘述呈靜態(tài)(static);漢語傾向于多用動詞,因而敘述呈動態(tài)(dynamic)。
Stative noun ------- adjective
Dynamic verb ------- adverb
英語的靜態(tài)傾向,主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:
名詞化(nominalization)是英語的常見現(xiàn)象
名詞化主要指用名詞(短語)來表達屬于動詞(短語)所表達的信息,如用抽象名詞來表達動作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)等。這種名詞優(yōu)勢往往可以使表達比較簡潔,造句比較靈活,行文比較自然,也便于表達復(fù)雜的思想內(nèi)容。
Eg a. The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.
Eg b. The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.
醫(yī)生迅速到達,非常仔細地檢查了病人,病人很快就康復(fù)了。
但名詞化表達也會使語言抽象、難解。名詞使用多了,與之相隨的介詞(尤其是of短語)也必然增多,與此同時,富有活力和生氣的動詞也就相應(yīng)減少,弱化動詞be的各種形式成了hard workers和hard-duty words,這使英語的靜態(tài)傾向更加明顯。
Eg a. The effect of overuse of nouns in writing is the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant prevention of movement of the thought.
這句充滿了名詞、動名詞和介詞短語,唯一的謂語動詞是is,這個軟弱的動詞必須拉動一個滿載名詞的主語,還必須推動兩個滿載名詞的表語,造成整個句子缺乏動態(tài)感。若將部分名詞改為動詞,可分擔(dān)句子的負荷,化靜態(tài)為動態(tài)。
過分使用名詞會使文句冗長(wordy)、含糊(vague),缺乏活力(lifeless),許多英語文體學(xué)家反對濫用名詞化表達法,主張多用生動活潑的動詞來簡化句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
用名詞表示施事者(agentive noun),以代替動詞
英語還常用含有行為和動作意義的普通名詞代替動詞,大量由動詞派生(如以-er或-or結(jié)尾)的名詞既表示施事者、身份、職業(yè)等,又保留原來動詞的意義。
a good thief=someone who thieves well / a slow walker= someone who walks slowly
漢語由動詞加后綴構(gòu)成的名詞(如讀者、教師、打字員等)用來指人,不再表示行為或動作,因而英語這類名詞往往要轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語動詞:
1) He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern.
他是個聰明人,很好相處,可是學(xué)習(xí)不用功,老是喜歡東挪西借,又喜歡上酒館喝酒。
2) The boy is a master complicator.
那男孩可真會搗亂。
3) I used to be a bit of a fancier myself.
我過去總喜歡胡思亂想。
這類名詞有時并不指人,而是用來代替動詞。
Litmus paper can be used as an indicator of the presence or not of acid in a solution.
石蕊試紙可用于指示溶液中是否含有酸。
用名詞代替形容詞,構(gòu)成標(biāo)題式短語(headline phrase)
報刊標(biāo)題為了節(jié)約版面,盡量略去虛詞和其他次要的詞,把具有刺激性的詞語(stimulating words)擠壓在一起,因為名詞連用便成了一種“free-and-easy habit”
Cabinet Papers Leak Inquiry 調(diào)查內(nèi)閣文件泄密事件
Figure Control Problem 保持身材優(yōu)美的問題
Space Shuttle Flight Test Program 航天飛機試飛計劃
有時,名詞定語與被修飾詞之間的語義關(guān)系常常不能從字面上判斷出來,也不能簡單地把前一個名詞理解為修飾語而已,如:
China card=China as a card / China trade=trade with China
要正確理解其語義,往往還要聯(lián)系其語境甚至社會文化背景知識,如:
A Soviet citizen said to Green, “The hotel clerk, with a little currency persuasion, would be able to find accommodation for you.”
一個蘇聯(lián)公民對格林說,“花點錢疏通一下,那個旅館服務(wù)員就會把你安頓下來了?!?/span>
名詞連用加強了英語的名詞優(yōu)勢,但不少語言學(xué)者反對過分堆積名詞(noun pileups),認為這會使語言失去活力,優(yōu)勢還會造成語義含混,甚至產(chǎn)生歧義,如:
British history teachers
a. teachers of British history 教英國歷史的老師
b. British teachers of history 教歷史的英國老師
一個形容詞前置于幾個名詞,使人搞不清其確切的修飾對象;幾個名詞連用,也會讓人分不清修飾詞與被修飾詞,甚至分不清詞類。
Eg 1) Major vehicles expansion projects must depend on steel availability.(=Major projects for expanding the production of vehicles must depend on how much steel is available.)
擴大生產(chǎn)車輛的主要工程取決于能夠獲得的鋼材數(shù)量。
2) Where retirement dissatisfaction existed advance activity programming had been insignificant.(=The people who were unhappy after retirement were those who had taken little trouble to plan their activities beforehand.)
退休后仍不滿意的人是那些對退休后的活動事先沒有什么計劃的人。
用名詞作定語,其意義和功能有時相當(dāng)于形容詞作定語,如:
race hatred = racial hatred 種族仇恨
然而,不能以此類推,因為有時用名詞作定語與形容詞作定語在意義和功能方面并不相同:
economy measure 節(jié)約措施 / economic measure 經(jīng)濟措施
名詞優(yōu)勢造成介詞優(yōu)勢,介詞前置于名詞或名詞性詞語,由于英語多用名詞,必然也要多用介詞,因而產(chǎn)生了介詞優(yōu)勢,使英語的靜態(tài)傾向更顯著。
英語常用介詞短語取代動詞短語,以“靜”代“動”:
1) With these words, she went away. (=After saying these words, she went away.)
2) Is this train for Chicago? (= Is this train going to Chicago?)
介詞與名詞結(jié)合,組成介詞短語,成串的介詞又常與弱化動詞(如be, seem, look, become等)和“乏味名詞”(ponderous nouns)連用:
a) In view of the fact that Mr. Jonesis not very well, I am taking the opportunity of replying on his behalf. Our company’s well-defined position is that it stands ready at all times to cooperate with your firm whenever it is called to do so. The majority of stockholders are in complete sympathy with your company’s goals and objectives in regard to the construction of a new plant.
若多用動詞,少用介詞短語,則可化“靜”為“動”:
b) I am replying for Mr. Jones, who is ill.
Our company is always ready to cooperate. Most of our stockholders sympathize with your aim to build a new plant.
“名詞+介詞”的優(yōu)勢常見于大量的弱式短語,這類短語往往削弱或淡化原來所要表達的動詞、形容詞或其他詞語的意義,使敘述曲折迂回,增強靜態(tài)感:
arrive at a decision= decide
of an unusual character = unusual
on two separateoccasions = twice
濫用這種弱化表達法會使文章顯得啰嗦、累贅、缺乏生氣;許多學(xué)者主張多用平易(plain)、活潑(lively)、具體(concrete)和直截了當(dāng)(direct)的詞語,以減少英語的靜態(tài)傾向。(ivy碎碎念:這也是《中式英語之鑒》里的主張)
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