2018/7/22 16:06:00
周口翻譯公司:漢英對(duì)比分析
周口翻譯公司:漢英對(duì)比分析
漢語(yǔ)講究音節(jié)勻稱和詞句整齊的傾向集中表現(xiàn)在修辭上的對(duì)偶和排比中。對(duì)偶,使用字?jǐn)?shù)相等,句法相似的語(yǔ)句表現(xiàn)相反或相關(guān)的意思,用對(duì)稱的字句加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言效果。
畫虎畫皮難畫骨,知人知面不知心。
In drawing a tiger, you show its skin, but not its bones; while watching a man, you can see his face, but not his inmost feelings.
少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。
Laziness in youth spells regret in old age.
良藥苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行。
Bitter medicine cures sickness, unpalatable advice benefits conduct.
大量成語(yǔ)采用對(duì)偶形式,如:厚古薄今 stress the present, not the past;親痛仇快 sadden one’s own folk and gladden the enemy等。
英語(yǔ)也有類似漢語(yǔ)的對(duì)偶,如:
Penny wise, pound foolish.
小事聰明,大事糊涂。
Marriage has many pains, but celibacy has no pleasure.
結(jié)婚有許多痛苦,但獨(dú)身也沒(méi)有快樂(lè)。
漢語(yǔ)中,排比通常是把三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上結(jié)構(gòu)相似、意思相關(guān)、語(yǔ)氣一致的詞組、句子或段落排列成串,形成一個(gè)整體。
英語(yǔ)的排比是一種語(yǔ)義相似而非相反的parallel structure, 并非一定要有三項(xiàng)(以上)語(yǔ)言單位并列,通??梢杂蓛身?xiàng)或三項(xiàng)(以上)組成,并非一定是完全對(duì)稱的并列關(guān)系,可以是不對(duì)稱的從屬關(guān)系,還可以省略或替代重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ)。
We find ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit; reaching with magnificent precision for the moon, but falling into raucous discord on earth.
We are caught in war, wanting peace. We are torn by division, wanting unity. We see around us empty lives, wanting fulfillment. We see tasks that need doing, wanting for hands to do them.
我們物質(zhì)豐富,但精神貧乏;我們以超卓的準(zhǔn)確度登上了月球,但卻陷入了地球上的一片混亂。
我們卷入了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),沒(méi)有和平。我們四分五裂,沒(méi)有團(tuán)結(jié)。我們看到周圍的人生活空虛,沒(méi)有充實(shí)的內(nèi)容。我們看到許多工作需要完成,但卻沒(méi)有人手去做。
很多情況下,英語(yǔ)采用替代、省略、變換、融合、歸納、引申和其他變通的方法來(lái)回避像漢語(yǔ)那樣的對(duì)偶、排比和反復(fù)。
人急造反,狗急跳墻。
Desperation drives men to rebel and a dog to jump over a wall.(省略重復(fù)詞desperation,drives,回避對(duì)偶式)
人多力量大,柴多火焰高。
There is strength in numbers: more logs make a bigger fire.(譯引申義和形象義,回避對(duì)偶式)
百尺竿頭,更進(jìn)一步。
Make still further progress.(省略比喻,回避齊整對(duì)應(yīng))
龍生龍,鳳生鳳,老鼠生兒打地洞。
Like father, like son. (淡化、引申含有民族色彩的形象義)
漢語(yǔ)有大量結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)偶的四字詞組,前后意義重復(fù),詞語(yǔ)對(duì)稱,英語(yǔ)一般沒(méi)有相應(yīng)表達(dá)形式,因此漢譯英時(shí)往往采用省略或融合的方法,如:
他雖然帶著五七分酒意,卻裝作十分醉的,前顛后偃,東倒西歪。
He was not really drunk, but pretended he was intoxicated and staggered along.
下面看的人提心吊膽,心驚肉跳。
The people watching below are tense and trembling with their hearts in their mouths.
漢語(yǔ)不但喜歡前后意義重復(fù)的雙音節(jié)詞和四字詞組,而且喜歡連用2個(gè)前后意義重復(fù)或?qū)?yīng)的四字詞組,如承前啟后,繼往開(kāi)來(lái) link the past with the future;毛遂自薦,自告奮勇volunteer one’s services;自以為是,夜郎自大 self-conceited。
因此,漢譯英時(shí)常常要割愛(ài),采取融合原意,部分省略,回避對(duì)偶等技巧加以恰當(dāng)處理,以避免前后意義重復(fù)或?qū)?yīng):
寶玉和黛玉真是言和意順,似漆如膠。
On all matters, indeed, Baoyu and Daiyu were in complete accord.
雖說(shuō)是一只小花,又無(wú)花朵,其嫵媚之態(tài),不禁心動(dòng)神怡,魂消魄喪。
Though it was so small and had no blossoms its delicate grace was utterly enchanting.
漢語(yǔ)排比的句式在報(bào)刊,宣傳類和政論性文章中十分常見(jiàn),漢譯英時(shí)往往要根據(jù)其含義,既適當(dāng)保留原文的強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣,又考慮英語(yǔ)“忌重復(fù)”的傾向,采用省略重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ),融合意復(fù)的詞語(yǔ)、變換或替代相同的詞語(yǔ)等方法,以回避過(guò)多的重復(fù),如:
進(jìn)一步
進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)社會(huì)主義法制
strengthen the socialist legal system
進(jìn)一步提高分清是非的能力
enhance the ability to distinguish between right and wrong
進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)軍民團(tuán)結(jié)
cement the ties of unity between right and wrong
進(jìn)一步掌握社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的規(guī)律
attain a better grasp of the laws governing socialist economic construction